Economic Outlook for Fiscal Years 2023 and 2024 (May 2023)

経済研究部経済調査部長斎藤太郎

2．Real growth rate is forecast to be 0.9% in FY2023 and 1.6% in FY2024.

(Growth will continue to be supported by domestic demand)
The reason why the Japanese economy as a whole has avoided a backslide even as exports and production have remained weak against the backdrop of the slowdown in overseas economies is that domestic demand has remained resilient. Considering the contribution that domestic and external demand have made to real GDP growth (y/y), it can be seen that external demand has been pushing down the growth rate since the January–March quarter of 2022, while domestic demand has continued to make a positive contribution since the April–June quarter of 2021.

Contribution of domestic and external demand to real GDP growth

Indeed, while external demand is deteriorating, domestic demand remains resilient, as evidenced by the business sentiment of firms. The DI for the manufacturing sector (all sizes), which is strongly influenced by exports, peaked at +6 in the December 2021 survey and then declined, turning negative at -4 in the March 2023 survey, while the DI for the non-manufacturing sector (all sizes), which is more closely linked to domestic demand, turned positive in the June 2022 survey and has since risen to +12 in the March 2023 survey.

The Japanese economy is expected to continue to grow primarily as a result of domestic demand, as exports are not expected to be the driving force of the economy in the foreseeable future due to sluggish overseas economies. In the April–June quarter of 2023, exports of goods and services are expected to grow at an annualized rate of 1.5%, roughly the same as that seen in the January–March quarter, as domestic demand, mainly private consumption, will remain firm.

The growth rate will decelerate once to the zero percent level in the second half of 2023 when exports begin to decline due to the U.S. recession, but, after 2024, when the overseas economy is expected to recover, the growth rate will increase mainly due to a surge in exports.

Real GDP growth is projected to be 0.9% in FY2023 and 1.6% in FY2024. At present, our main scenario is that the U.S. recession will remain mild and Japan will maintain its recovery trend. However, if the U.S. recession becomes severe, Japan's exports will suffer a significant downturn thanks to the deterioration of the global economy, and a recession will become inevitable for Japan as well.

Changes in real GDP growth rate (fiscal year)

Real GDP in the January–March quarter of 2023 is 1.3% above the pre-COVID-19 level (October–December 2019) but 1.5% below the most recent peak (July–September 2019). We expect real GDP to recover to the level of the most recent peak in the April–June 2024 quarter. It took more than five years (22 quarters) for the level of real GDP to recover from its most recent peak at the time of the global financial crisis, and it is increasingly likely that it will take a comparable amount of time for the economy to recover from the current COVID-19 pandemic.

(Outlook for inflation)
Consumer prices (total, excluding fresh food; hereinafter core CPI) rose by 4.2% y/y in January 2023, the highest growth in 41 years and 4 months since September 1981, primarily as a consequence of higher energy and food prices, before falling sharply to 3.1% y/y in February, mainly due to government measures designed to ease the burden of electricity and city gas bills. However, the underlying upward pressure on prices has further increased, as the pace of increase in the CPI ( excluding fresh food and energy) has accelerated significantly.

Core CPI growth will likely increase in April due to the fiscal year's price increases across a wide range of items, before slowing to around 3% in May, mainly due to an accelerating decline in electricity prices as a result of the reduction in the levy for promoting renewable energy generation.

The implementation of electricity rate hikes applied for by electric power companies and the reduction of the government's burden mitigation measures in October will push up electricity prices, but energy prices are likely to remain negative year-on-year due to the compression of price hikes compared to the original application and the decline in fuel prices, including crude oil and LNG, which are likely to remain negative year-on-year.

On the other hand, food (excluding fresh food) is increasingly shifting higher raw material costs to prices, with the rate of increase in March 2023 at 8.2%, exceeding the growth of food and beverage in the domestic corporate goods price (7.0% y/y in April 2023), which is upstream of the consumer price index. Based on the already-published results for Tokyo wards in April, it is highly probable that the inflation rate of food (excluding fresh food) will accelerate to the 9% level in April.

However, the rise in import prices, which had been the main cause of high prices, has since halted due to a lull in the rise in crude oil prices and the depreciation of the yen. As a result, the rate of increase in goods prices is expected to slow down in the future as the trend of passing on raw material costs to prices gradually weakens.

Meanwhile, service prices, which had continued to fall, began to rise in August 2022 before reaching 1.5% y/y in March 2023. Service prices are highly linked to wages, but, at present, the main cause of the rise in service prices is the dramatic increase in general food service (7.6% y/y in March 2023), which accounts for a high proportion of raw material costs among services. However, it is expected that there will be a further increase in the shift of increased labor costs to prices as a result of wage hikes; taking into account that base increases in 2023 are expected to be around 2%, the rate of service price increases is likely to rise to the 2% level after the start of the fiscal year 2023. The pace of future service price increases is likely to be very fast given the absence of price increases for an extended period of time.

Forecast of consumer prices (all items, less fresh food)

The core CPI growth rate will slow from the current 3% level to the upper 2% level over the summer but will remain high at the 2% level until around the end of 2023. We expect the core CPI growth rate to fall below the BOJ's price target of 2% after the beginning of 2024, when the pace of increase in food and other goods prices will surely slow as the impact of falling import prices spreads amid the continued decline in energy prices.

Most of the price increases in FY2022 were caused by rises in goods prices, primarily energy and food (excluding fresh food and eating out), but in FY2023 goods prices and services prices will contribute roughly the same amount, followed by a shift to service-centered price increases in FY2024.

Core CPI growth is projected to be 3.0% y/y in FY2022, followed by 2.4% y/y in FY2023 and 1.3% y/y in FY2024.

Outlook for the Japanese economyContribution

Outlook for the European (Euro area) economy

Please note: The data contained in this report has been obtained and processed from various sources, and its accuracy or safety cannot be guaranteed. The purpose of this publication is to provide information, and the opinions and forecasts contained herein do not solicit the conclusion or termination of any contract.

日付	タイトル	執筆者	媒体
2025/05/02	雇用関連統計25年3月－失業率、有効求人倍率ともに横ばい圏内の動きが続く	斎藤太郎	経済・金融フラッシュ
2025/04/30	2025年1-3月期の実質GDP～前期比▲0.2％（年率▲0.9％）を予測～	斎藤太郎	Weekly　エコノミスト・レター
2025/04/30	鉱工業生産25年3月－1-3月期は4四半期ぶりの減産、トランプ関税の影響で4月以降も低迷が続く見込み	斎藤太郎	経済・金融フラッシュ
2025/04/18	消費者物価（全国25年3月）－コアCPI上昇率は25年度入り後も3％台が続く公算	斎藤太郎	経済・金融フラッシュ

日付

タイトル

執筆者

媒体

2025/05/02

雇用関連統計25年3月－失業率、有効求人倍率ともに横ばい圏内の動きが続く

斎藤太郎

経済・金融フラッシュ

2025/04/30

2025年1-3月期の実質GDP～前期比▲0.2％（年率▲0.9％）を予測～

斎藤太郎

Weekly　エコノミスト・レター